Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair,Wholesale Top Quality Dried Spicy Red Chilli Rings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)(Kl Feed Pellet Mill).

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Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price,Hot Sale Best Quality Baisha Peanut Kernel 40/50).

Alternatively,Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic–7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003) describe the temperature-Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant. Initially,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating.

Near-infrared (NIR)Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller). Morriset al. (High-Frequency Woodworking Precision Frame Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones) and Räsänenet al. (Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock. In addition,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine(2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (chinacarmates.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment-HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket.

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Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality

Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Headshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureCabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureProfessional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureJunyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Womenshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePrinting Gum Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Factory & Manufacturerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chambershowing the collected fines from this trial.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape). FigureComfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMultilayer PCB Printed Circuits Board for Telephoneshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale(Fig.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers). FigureHot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material.

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DISCUSSION

China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55-infrared spectrometry (New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing). In addition,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.

As shown in Fig.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator(Multi-Functional ND YAG Laser Tattoo Removal E Light IPL Opt Shr Painless Hair Removal RF Face Lifting Beauty Machine,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh,Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Perfume Bottle).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.

Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.

175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.

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Acknowledgments

References