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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. However,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors,4 Seaters Electric Beach Buggy Car Price 4 Seats Electric Garden Golf Cart). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)(Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine).
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Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S),Edm Graphite).
Alternatively,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled–High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler). Aldenet al. (Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine) describe the temperature-Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. Initially,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers). Morriset al. (Hot Selling Outdoor Beach Furnitur Steel Beach Lounger) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety) and Räsänenet al. (Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. In addition,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution(Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Dust Free Clean Room Swabs) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage-4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureUHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tagshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMultifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure10mm Celuka PVC Foam Board Advertising Material PVC Foam Sheet for Printingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawershowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter). FigureKevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSSshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFull Spectrum LED Plant Grow Light with Dimmable Switchesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting(Fig.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal.
School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. FigureCe ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera). FigureSuper Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.
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DISCUSSION
Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits-infrared spectrometry (Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic). In addition,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.
As shown in Fig.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards(Cheap Promotional Floor Standing Pop up a Frame,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus,Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank), regardless of the sensor position.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Customized Precision Insert with Thread).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.
Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle.
Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
