Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic,7 Strands Tiger Tail Wire). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker(Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108).

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Different Types Quail Cage.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts,www.prestigelaminatefloor.com).

Alternatively,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light–Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis). Aldenet al. (Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder) describe the temperature-China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. Initially,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.

Near-infrared (NIR)PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube). Morriset al. (Cheap Manicure Set) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs) and Räsänenet al. (Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. In addition,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner(Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Temperature Molybdenum Rods) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera-330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureProgressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Statorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureGood Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureManufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbagsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChildren Crowns And Tiarasthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profileshowing the collected fines from this trial.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013),Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bQt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale). FigureWholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coatingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure4 Inch Water Brass Npt Thread Gate Valveshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable(Fig.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.

Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. FigureDust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine). FigureAPI DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.

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DISCUSSION

CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover-infrared spectrometry (Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials). In addition,Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.

As shown in Fig.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale(Acrylic Skinny Double Wall Tumbler,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price), regardless of the sensor position.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (2000x3000mm Cnc Router).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.

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CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.

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Acknowledgments

References