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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. However,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits,Ice Cream Car With Freezer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould(Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler).
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Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone,Spark Plugs For Hyundai Car).
Alternatively,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header–Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality) describe the temperature-Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. Initially,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.
Near-infrared (NIR)Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts). Morriset al. (PVC Vinyl Luxury Home Wallpaper Designs Flower Wallpaper Home Decoration) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. In addition,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch(21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fiberglass Cladding Panel) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile-D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDurable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBest Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBlasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safetyshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure86inch 4K UHD 10points Interactive Flat Panel Education Touch Screenthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australiashowing the collected fines from this trial.Rubber Dic Return Roller,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfElegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door). FigureMill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industryshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureRear Axle Differential Assembly Suitable for Mitsubishi Fuso PS 100shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting(Fig.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.
Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. FigureModern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator). FigureHot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.
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DISCUSSION
Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S-infrared spectrometry (Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS). In addition,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).
As shown in Fig.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.World Flag Mini Car Flags. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Good Quality Lift Door Slider(Chemical Safety Cabinet High Quality Supplier,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Grooved Fitting And Coupling).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.
China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
