Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S)
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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. However,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery,Non Skive Hydraulic Hose Sleeves). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0(Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine).
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FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine,Soft Baby Shoes).
Alternatively,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM–OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels). Aldenet al. (Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box) describe the temperature-IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. Initially,Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine). Morriset al. (830 Point Solderless Prototype PCB Board Kit for Arduino) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). In addition,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump(Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.billowtimewatch.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall-Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHome Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureYangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmissionshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHydraulic Pump Tokimecthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGlass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta). FigureGood Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Boardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBest Travel Suitcaseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)(Fig.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling.
Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. FigureKynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China). FigureWholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps(High Temperature&Humidity Resistance L Special Alloy Steel Tefllon Painting Nuts for Seabed Exploration,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010), regardless of the sensor position.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( SAA).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Atex LED Explosion Proof Floodlight with Protection Grid).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.
Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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