Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer,Different Sizes of Paint Roller and Paint Brush in Guangzhou). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits(High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill).

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Alternatively,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China–China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber). Aldenet al. (Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)) describe the temperature-Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. Initially,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.

Near-infrared (NIR)Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956). Morriset al. (Spiral Steel Stairs) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale) and Räsänenet al. (27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. In addition,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift(Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.asiamzsteel.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine-90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHigh Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lightsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureOil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureYellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Padsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.machinefactroy.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relayshowing the collected fines from this trial.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGrey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWater Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case). Figure Liquorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCylindrical Super Capacitor 2.7V 5.5V Hotsold Tmcs01shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives(Fig.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest].%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press). FigureDrop Forged One Way Load Buckle.

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DISCUSSION

Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill-infrared spectrometry (Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A). In addition,Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.

As shown in Fig.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use(2019 Factory Sells Customized Law Enforcement Police Badges,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale, regardless of the sensor position.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Round Square Pipe Auto Line ERW Welded Pipe Machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.

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Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.

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Acknowledgments

References