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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. However,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.Rubber Dic Return Roller.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644),Alkkt/Industrial Commercial 65kw Modular Air Cooled Scroll Chiller/Heat Pump/Air Cooler). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks(3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office).
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Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker,Black Garlic Machine Ferment).
Alternatively,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan–Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes). Aldenet al. (10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module) describe the temperature-Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). Initially,World Flag Mini Car Flags. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform). Morriset al. (Sewage Treatment Companines) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip) and Räsänenet al. (China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Good Quality Lift Door Slider. In addition,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock(Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Conical Mixer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA-Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAlstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragmshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGalvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTop Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureKaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000meshshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBanana Speaker Connector Manufacturers Cheap Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlightshowing the collected fines from this trial.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price). FigureCentrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pumpshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.dongguan-hongyu.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract(Fig.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo). FigureLarge Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
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DISCUSSION
Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve-infrared spectrometry (Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal). In addition,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.
As shown in Fig.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A(Braided Twisted Wire Cord,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator,Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Quality Ice Cream Showcase Freezer with French Tecumseh Compressor).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.
Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.
Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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