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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. However,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler,Circular Thread Roll Die). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator(Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging).
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circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper,E-L18d Aluminium Body Sensor LED Ceiling Light).
Alternatively,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen–Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters). Aldenet al. (Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine) describe the temperature-Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. Initially,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm). Morriset al. (Carbon Spiral Steel Pipe Factory OEM/ODM Products) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. In addition,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery(Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hepa Filter For Air Purifier Supplier & Factory) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera-Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureP3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Displayshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureJunyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureP10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureEs6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurejprmodelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lampshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDisposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)). FigureCube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeepshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHair Interlining for Suit/Jacket/Uniform/Textudo/Woven 4000cshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)(Fig.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag). Figure(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.
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DISCUSSION
Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate-infrared spectrometry (Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh). In addition,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.
As shown in Fig.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap(Brad Gun U Style Furniture Wood Sofa Work Nailing Gun,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window, regardless of the sensor position.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ratchet Tie Down).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
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HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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