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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. However,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107,3 In 1 Neoprene Wine Cooler Bag). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank(PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership).
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Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair,High Temperature Type Cooling Metal Bath Petroleum Solidifying Point Tester Laboratory Apparatus).
Alternatively,color coated aluminum foil for decoration. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl–Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger). Aldenet al. (Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock) describe the temperature-ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. Initially,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.
Near-infrared (NIR)CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L). Morriset al. (Flange) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts) and Räsänenet al. (23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. In addition,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle(Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Gas Sensor Probe) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes-Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOrthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Threadshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAir Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabricshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEnvironmental Protection Waterproof Breathable Shockproof Wear-Resistant Anti-Skid High-Top Outdoor Hiking Shoesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Productionshowing the collected fines from this trial.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTop Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine). FigureBlue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toysshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFashion Pretty Rose Gold -Plated Bangleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS(Fig.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. FigurePopular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting). FigureCustomized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
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DISCUSSION
Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer-infrared spectrometry (Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room). In addition,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.
As shown in Fig.Fan Coil Filters, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Home Elevator for 2-4 Person, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine(Hydraulic Fittings Adapters,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator, regardless of the sensor position.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (cnzxpump.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China.
Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter.
Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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