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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. However,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel,Surface etc.). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers(Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps).
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Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use,90mm Grinding Media).
Alternatively,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts–Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.). Aldenet al. (Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink) describe the temperature-Industrial Used ISO Tank Container-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. Initially,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.
Near-infrared (NIR)Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts). Morriset al. (Friction Grip Hex Nuts) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube) and Räsänenet al. (Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. In addition,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump(Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Chocolate Coated Energy Bar Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013-Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureElectric Screw Air Compressor SEP850Gshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFactory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureUnique Disposable Bowlsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mouldshowing the collected fines from this trial.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPlastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)). FigureGalvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbowshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureATV Winches 9500lbs for Auto Car UTVshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House(Fig.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table). FigureHigh Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
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DISCUSSION
Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag-infrared spectrometry (Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle). In addition,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.
As shown in Fig.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)(Api 16c Choke And Kill Manifold,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars, regardless of the sensor position.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (3d Heat Press).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.
4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.
Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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