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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. However,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated,EPS Sandwich Panel Production Line China Wiskind). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain(Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting).
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Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box,Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Pipe Clips Hose Clamp with EPDM Rubber).
Alternatively,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine–100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture). Aldenet al. (Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose) describe the temperature-Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. Initially,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
Near-infrared (NIR)2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event). Morriset al. (m.tysonleather.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys) and Räsänenet al. (Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. In addition,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light(300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Rubber Dic Return Roller(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bagshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCe ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNatural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipmentshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePlate Number Framethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Meltingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWater Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net). FigureAll in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCe Water Leakage Detectorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)(Fig.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:World Flag Mini Car Flags.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.
Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. FigureCast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)). FigureGood Quality Lift Door Slider.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig. 3mm, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms(Rotary Cap Compression Molding Machine,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode, regardless of the sensor position.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Metal Fence Welding).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
