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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. However,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding,Factory supplied High-energy Uav Power Supply - Inverter with Battery Charger 600W - Ligao). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream(Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China).
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Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015),www.xuanmingbiochem.com).
Alternatively,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub–Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale). Aldenet al. (8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch) describe the temperature-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. Initially,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
Near-infrared (NIR)Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( SAA). Morriset al. (Expandable Flat Pack Container House with Competitive Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston) and Räsänenet al. (CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. In addition,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet(Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Pvc Crust Celuka Foam Board) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine-Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChina Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Womenshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure8 Bar Air Compressorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Courtshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD). FigureGood Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CEshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePermanent NdFeB Magnet Customized N42 Neodymium Magnet Arc Magnet with Adhesiveshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar(Fig.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men). Figure0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.
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DISCUSSION
High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)-infrared spectrometry (Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture). In addition,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.
As shown in Fig.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore(Side Sealing Poly Bag Plastic Film Bag Making Machine,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler,Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.
Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.
Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Different Types Quail Cage. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
