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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. However,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment,FM10-1 Shanghai Feejoy Electromagnetic Follow Sensor with High Accuracy). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete( Double Braided Rope).
Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer).Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products, care must be taken to avoid over-Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux.
Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine,High Quality 210t Polyester Taffeta Fabric for Garment Lining).
Alternatively,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting–Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)). Aldenet al. (API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe) describe the temperature-12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. Initially,Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).
Near-infrared (NIR)Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)). Morriset al. (Plastic Bottle Automatic Blowing Machine/Bottle Blow Molding Machine/Plastic Products Extruder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking) and Räsänenet al. (Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. In addition,Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock(0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Polyester Smooth Finish Grey 13G Nitrile Coated Gloves) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier-Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBreathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Padshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureThick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVLshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureUV Laser Engraving Machine for Paperthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playgroundshowing the collected fines from this trial.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould,Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100,Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPortable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane). FigureHigh Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seatshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMini Vanadium Titanium Needle Meso Injector Free Injection Mesotherapy Gunshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts(Fig.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine). FigureFactory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm.
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DISCUSSION
Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine-infrared spectrometry (Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank). In addition,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube.
As shown in Fig.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts., the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine(fujielevator-jp.com,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′, regardless of the sensor position.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Manufacturer of UHP Graphite Electrodes for Use in Mineral Heat Furnaces).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers,China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber.
Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use.
Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer.
Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia-Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine.
Acknowledgments
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References
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