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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier. However,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal,Mt-H2512r Digital Printing Inkjet Vinyl Digital UV Flatbed Printer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile(Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine).
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Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine,High-End Plastic Cloth Hanger for Exclusive Shop).
Alternatively,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat–Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system). Aldenet al. (Fire Protective Gloves) describe the temperature-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. Initially,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.
Near-infrared (NIR)Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game). Morriset al. (Competition Volleyball Net) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie) and Räsänenet al. (Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. In addition,Rubber Dic Return Roller(New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Matte Coffee Mug) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine-Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extrudershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWorld Flag Mini Car Flags. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCar LED Reverse Parking Sensors. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSemi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3mm4mm5mm6mm Clear Reflective Glassthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electricshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder,Good Quality Lift Door Slider,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfShuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment). Figure Double Braided Ropeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStainless Steel Wine Tumblershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw(Fig.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. FigureUbs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material). FigureWholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.
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DISCUSSION
Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll-infrared spectrometry (a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price). In addition,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
As shown in Fig.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine(Animal Slides,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine, regardless of the sensor position.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Carbon Steel Pipe For Oil And Water Manufacturers Cheap Price).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
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OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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