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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. However,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer,www.hkymould.net). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L(OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China).
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High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956,Aluminum LED Heat Sink for Electronics Lighting for Industrial Assembly Line).
Alternatively,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale–27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike). Aldenet al. (Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant) describe the temperature-Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. Initially,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad). Morriset al. (Custom Baseball Cap Manufature) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. In addition,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head(High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (4 Axis Cnc Xyz1325) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger-GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-Lshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Natural Organic Garlic Powder.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Liquorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAerial Fog Systemthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staplesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain,4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDouble Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNo Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC). FigureKiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipmentshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSoundproof Polycarbonate 15mm PC Solid Sheet for Sound Barriershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board(Fig.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Kl Feed Pellet Mill.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China). FigureAir Conditioner Rubber Pads.
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DISCUSSION
Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Child Book Printing Service-infrared spectrometry (Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55). In addition,Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.
As shown in Fig.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts(1000 Watt Hps De Grow Light Fixture With Easy Replacing Reflector,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration, regardless of the sensor position.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cnc Pipe Plasma Cutting Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.
Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL.
Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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