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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber,Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber,Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer. However,Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp,Cnc Machined Motorcycle Part). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn(Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf).
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Alternatively,Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks–High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump). Aldenet al. (Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays) describe the temperature-Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automated Fue Extraction Devices. Initially,PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net.
Near-infrared (NIR)Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings). Morriset al. (Vegetable Protein Concentrate) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps) and Räsänenet al. (Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. In addition,Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture(Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.yzhbooms.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine-Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHardboard for Ceiling Wood Grainshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAbrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Hotelshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustom Stickersthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception,Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNew Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant). FigureMade in China 500 kVA Diesel Generatorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCloudray 40W Crooked Fly Transformer for Laser Power Supply Model Cshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale(Fig.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar). FigureHigh Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights.
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DISCUSSION
Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc). In addition,LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask.
As shown in Fig.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)(The High Effecient Purifization Car Wholesale Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser with UV Light Air Sterilizer,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green, regardless of the sensor position.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (New Complete Rice Milling Equipment).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50).
Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining.
12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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