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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler,Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler,Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. However,UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter,Building Construction Formwork). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls(Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine).
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Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts,Talson Bucket Hat).
Alternatively,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair–Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale). Aldenet al. (Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine) describe the temperature-Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. Initially,Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform.
Near-infrared (NIR)Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm). Morriset al. (Mn3o4 Nanopowder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace) and Räsänenet al. (Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet. In addition,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price(Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2000lbs Hammock Tree Strap) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic-Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finishshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMilling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSilicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubbershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMarket Price of Caustic Soda 96 97 98 99 Pricesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemicalshowing the collected fines from this trial.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board,New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfVintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool). FigureE466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMCshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAcrylic U Shape Display Minerals Stone Standshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale(Fig.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP.
OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. FigureCleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch). FigureOuternal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).
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DISCUSSION
9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator-infrared spectrometry (Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable). In addition,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.
As shown in Fig.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe(Galvanized Steel Flat Sheet,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Medical Ce,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100, regardless of the sensor position.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.sajoo-switch.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015),Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks.
Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.
Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
