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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. However,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar,Elastic Resistance Band). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock(Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules).
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2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric,Irrigation Syringe).
Alternatively,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing–Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder). Aldenet al. (Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting) describe the temperature-Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. Initially,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
Near-infrared (NIR)Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ((shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers). Morriset al. (K Type Thermocouple Sensor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Child Book Printing Service) and Räsänenet al. (Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. In addition,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)(Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Acid Red 18 for Textile) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (18.5 Android Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display All in One Screens Elevators LCD Screen Business Full Colour Display) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt-Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMetric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureChina Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFood Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price Listshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEva Foam 5mmthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Hospital Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSingle-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve). FigureLabor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSodium Sulphide Flakesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall(Fig.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings). FigureComfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.
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DISCUSSION
100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel-infrared spectrometry (Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines). In addition,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.
As shown in Fig.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes(Erw Black Painting Steel Pipe,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting, regardless of the sensor position.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Rubber Track for Robot/Snowmobile/Wheelchair 165*64.5*36).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.
2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.
Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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