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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. However,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Modular Home for Accommodation Solution,Bluetooth Battery Beacon). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc(Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator).
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Alternatively,Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack–Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband). Aldenet al. (Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated) describe the temperature-Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. Initially,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.
Near-infrared (NIR)Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting). Morriset al. (Graphite Rods Home Depot) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board) and Räsänenet al. (ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. In addition,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline(White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (hongraygloves) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel-Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Eventshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndustrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePlastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMulti Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowersshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePrinting Material 300*500d/18*12 Frontlit Flex Banner Glossythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuitsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls,New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBuilding Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAmerican Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006). FigureZinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureYichao Niubaike Vitiligo Prognosis Causes and Symptoms Cover Lotionshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights(Fig.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Mirror). FigureVeterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.
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DISCUSSION
Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers-infrared spectrometry (Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine). In addition,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner(Yellow Color Self Adhesive PVC Cutting Vinyl,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting, regardless of the sensor position.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Color Bristol Board Paper Manila Paper Leather Grain Embossed Paper).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.
70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.
Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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