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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. However,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,Empty Whiskey Bottles). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine(St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment).
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Alternatively,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)–Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble). Aldenet al. (P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display) describe the temperature-PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. Initially,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.
Near-infrared (NIR)Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Air Conditioner Rubber Pads). Morriset al. (Steering Gear Rack) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( competitive price)) and Räsänenet al. (Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. In addition,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel(Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2.8 inch wide viewing direction 240*320 TFT LCD module) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale-Rubber Dic Return Roller.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Useshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWater Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTwo People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.World Flag Mini Car Flags.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tubeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCeramic Hand Candle Holderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Qualityshowing the collected fines from this trial.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Good Quality Lift Door Slider.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfwith Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089). FigureHigh Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydrationshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFlowers Glitter Eva Foamshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA(Fig.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid). FigureCeiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
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DISCUSSION
Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms-infrared spectrometry (Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow). In addition,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
As shown in Fig.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure(China Heat Exchanger Eclipse Gas Burner for Industry Boiler,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine, regardless of the sensor position.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract,Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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