PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line
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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. However,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks,m.fessiecookware.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)(2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers).
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Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction,Open Top Display).
Alternatively,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer–Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water). Aldenet al. (400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker) describe the temperature-Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. Initially,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board). Morriset al. (www.agapassworld.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card) and Räsänenet al. (Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). In addition,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine(High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Foot Margin) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens-Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cableshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustomized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHeat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Diesel Mini Tiller, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chairshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFiber Laser Marking Machine Partsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girlshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005),White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%color coated aluminum foil for decoration.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLow Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfEVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock). FigureAluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*Lshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSelf DIY Beer Brewing Stainless Steel Brewhouseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor(Fig.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net). FigureHigh Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.
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DISCUSSION
PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle-infrared spectrometry (4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision). In addition,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
As shown in Fig.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)(Eco Friendly Shopping Bag,Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light, regardless of the sensor position.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Front Mounted Refrigeration Unit).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P),Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.
Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.
PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
