Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete,Hot Sale CPAP Machine with Masks for Sleep Apnea). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b(Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom).

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160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck,Online Ups).

Alternatively,(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner–High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate). Aldenet al. (Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine) describe the temperature-Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. Initially,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.

Near-infrared (NIR)Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage). Morriset al. (Second Hand Automatic Changer Tyre Machine for Car Tires Supply) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS) and Räsänenet al. (China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. In addition,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate(Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Customized Natural Bamboo Fence) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureNsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceilingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumblershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCalifornia Stoners Head Shop Lover Nectar Collector Weed DAB Rigthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lightsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products). FigureWhite Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhoushows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1400c Side-Open Muffle/Box Furnace Seriesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing(Fig.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.

Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). Figure2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale). FigureCasting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality.

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DISCUSSION

450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership-infrared spectrometry (2). In addition,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.

As shown in Fig.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover(China Round Downspout Machine,Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Natural Organic Garlic Powder. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain, regardless of the sensor position.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (18/19 Hot Sell SMD/COB 60W/80W/100W/120W/150W/180W/200W LED High Bay Light/LED Highbay/LED Vegetable Light with Ce/RoHS).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Kl Feed Pellet Mill,Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale.

Air Conditioner Rubber Pads. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding.

Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Child Book Printing Service. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.

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Acknowledgments

References