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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. However,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe,UPVC Window Double Glazed). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price(Modular Home for Accommodation Solution).
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Alternatively,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)–4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack). Aldenet al. (Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband) describe the temperature-Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. Initially,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt.
Near-infrared (NIR)for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated). Morriset al. (m.tstartincan.net) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting) and Räsänenet al. (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. In addition,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation(ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (All Koa K24 Acoustic Guitar Koa K24ce Acoustic Electric Guitar Round Body K24ce Electrical Acoustic Guitar with B Band A11K Pickup EQ) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design-Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePetroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hoseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDrop Forged One Way Load Buckle. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGood Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTop Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seatingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureTc-1100 Automatic Window Film Sticking Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowersshowing the collected fines from this trial.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill,Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202),Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSingle Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag). FigureDIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSnf/Pns/Fdn Naphthalene Superplasticizer Used as Concrete Water Reducing Agent Admixture for Concreteshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer(Fig.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid). FigureRectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale.
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DISCUSSION
Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe-infrared spectrometry (4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve). In addition,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers(Silicon Substrate Properties,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid, regardless of the sensor position.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (1-5L Small Square Can/Paint Can Making machine Line -Duplex Slitter).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412),High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.
Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.
High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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