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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. However,46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage,Fashion Jewelry Snake Shaped Pave Rhinestones Long Drop Earrings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006(Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve).
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2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506),Endoscope Full HD Camera Laparoscopic Set 1080P).
Alternatively,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow–Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray). Aldenet al. (Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b) describe the temperature-Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. Initially,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)). Morriset al. (Disposable Paper Pulp Bowl for Soup) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven) and Räsänenet al. (Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. In addition,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi(Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (330ml Canned Coconut Water Original) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly-Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureExcellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Constructionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureProfessional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Saleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.apolomed.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooringshowing the collected fines from this trial.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBattery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds). FigureIndustrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBaby Tritan Sippy Bottle With Straw 300mlshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory(Fig.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine). FigureAluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.
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DISCUSSION
High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands-infrared spectrometry (Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry). In addition,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.
As shown in Fig.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru(Hand Foot Back Yoga Exercise Hockey Lacrosse Ball Peanut Massage Ball,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap,18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring, regardless of the sensor position.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Grinding Ball Mill Media).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE,Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.
Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
