Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine,Cement Block Making Machine For Sale High Quality Supplier). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer(4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter).

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Alternatively,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle–Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door). Aldenet al. (Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light) describe the temperature-Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. Initially,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.

Near-infrared (NIR)20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump). Morriset al. (Rubber Powder Recycling Machine/Full Line Waste Tyre Recycling Plant) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress) and Räsänenet al. (Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. In addition,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub(Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Jewelry Organizer Hanging) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J)-High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureHigh Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

SAA

Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDouble Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Pistonshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOffice Partition Screen Decoration Aluminum Perforated Platethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorantshowing the collected fines from this trial.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice). FigureSteel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rateshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSublimation Sock Christmasshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price(Fig.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale). FigureDsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts(Enamel Cast Iron Paella Pan Manufacturer From China,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing, regardless of the sensor position.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Zebra Labels).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer,Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.

Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.

NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.

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Acknowledgments

References