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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J),High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J),High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. However,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps,High Power IP68 9*3W LED Fountain Light (ICON-C008)). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps(China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag).
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Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing,2b/Ba Surface Stainless Hr/Cr Steel Coil/Strip (201/202/301/304/304L/316/316L)).
Alternatively,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd–Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone). Aldenet al. ( Productive High Solid Clear Coat.) describe the temperature-Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). Initially,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.
Near-infrared (NIR)Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose). Morriset al. (Eec Electric Motorcycle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. In addition,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant(Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Square Steel Tube) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth-Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKeno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAbdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAbrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePortable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBathroom Double Sink Mdf Bathroom Vanity Manufacturers Cheap Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Makershowing the collected fines from this trial.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System,Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFactory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes). Figure10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Moduleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBest Price Automatic Car Air Filter Rolling Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B)(Fig.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.
Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. FigureAlstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children). FigureDirect Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe.
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DISCUSSION
China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed). In addition,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.
As shown in Fig.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345), the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light(En10219 S235jrh S275j2h S275j0h S355j0h S355j2h Square Rectangle Rectangular Black Galvanized Pre-Galvanized Steel Hollow Section,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose, regardless of the sensor position.Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (CF8m DIN Cast Steel Marine Flanged Angle Globe Valve).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine,Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.
Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.
ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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