Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives,24V Drill Machine Cordless Brushless). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material(Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance).

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10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Mylar Film Slitting Machine,Carrot Juice Production Turnkey Solution Machinery).

Alternatively,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo–Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP). Aldenet al. (Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear) describe the temperature-Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. Initially,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.

Near-infrared (NIR)Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose). Morriset al. (Home Ice Maker Manufacturers Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors) and Räsänenet al. (Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting. In addition,High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction(Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Factory OEM Auto Parts Aluminum Die Casting) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader-Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureEnergy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Lineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureEra UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upcshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomobile Plastic Mold Factory OEM/ODM Productsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snareshowing the collected fines from this trial.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDouble Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel). FigurePE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Tableshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureRo Water Filtersshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux(Fig.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock.

Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. FigureEPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop). FigureHot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone.

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DISCUSSION

12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine). In addition,Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine.

As shown in Fig.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier(Direct OEM Factory Stainless Steel Casting Motor Shaft with Ce,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades, regardless of the sensor position.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Customized Metal Parts Stamping: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Five Axis Welding& Cutting Machine with Ce Certificate).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp,304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock.

Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins.

IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould.

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Acknowledgments

References