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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B).Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. However,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh,19inch Flat Capacitive Touch Panel Pc Factory OEM/ODM Products). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)(Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace).
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100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap,www.sprayer-guohaha.com).
Alternatively,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203–Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8). Aldenet al. (Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer) describe the temperature-Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. Initially,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid.
Near-infrared (NIR)Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side). Morriset al. (Hand Sewn Deflated Synthetic Leather Futsal Ball) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. In addition,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws(Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (AC Wire Harness Injection Molding Machine Network Wire Molding Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle-PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Natural Organic Garlic Powder.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Natural Organic Garlic Powder.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Natural Organic Garlic Powder.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polishedshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureKl Feed Pellet Mill. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Boardshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWholesale Lovers Outdoor Ankle Boots Crazy Horse Skin Film Riding Boots Men Warm Retro Cowboy Boots Waterproofthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industryshowing the collected fines from this trial.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire,13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale,Air Conditioner Rubber Pads,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSize 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCopper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine). FigureGalvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structureshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2000kg Freight Cargo Goods Service Car Elevator with Machine Roomshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Child Book Printing Service(Fig.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature). FigurePlastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould.
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DISCUSSION
Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor-infrared spectrometry (Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag). In addition,Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.
As shown in Fig.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber(200W 250W 300W Solar Home Power System Poly/Mono Cell Panel,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus, regardless of the sensor position.Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Permanent 808nm Diode Laser Fast Hair Removal Depilation Laser Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.
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High Quality Softgel Capsule. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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