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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. However,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts,jinbinvalve.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker(3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale).
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Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker,Aluminum Chiavari Chair for Hotel/Restaurant/Wedding Furniture).
Alternatively,Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment–Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract). Aldenet al. (Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer) describe the temperature-New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts. Initially,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.
Near-infrared (NIR)2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet). Morriset al. (American Small Hand Flag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump) and Räsänenet al. (Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. In addition,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap(Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Enamel High Heel Shoe Pendant) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat-Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureAutomobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureS11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panelsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCorner Cabinetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertisingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015),Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock). FigureKids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travelshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTh228 Throttle Position Sensor for Toyota 4 Runner/Pickup (OEM #: 89452-12040)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China(Fig.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mylar Film Slitting Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose). FigureHigh Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.
DISCUSSION
Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck-infrared spectrometry (Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe). In addition,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.
As shown in Fig.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale(Hot Sale New Double Sided Printed Assembly Circuit Boards,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan, regardless of the sensor position.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Factory Leather Manager Furniture Ergonomic Office Lift Chair (NS-BR022)).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging.
Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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