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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. However,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating,www.aoiekt.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:off Grid Solar Power System 5kw(Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window).
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Alternatively,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps–China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag). Aldenet al. (Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing) describe the temperature-12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. Initially,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.
Near-infrared (NIR)E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds). Morriset al. (Colorful Dish Scouring Pad High Quality Supplier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing) and Räsänenet al. (Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. In addition,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt(Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Productive High Solid Clear Coat.) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aroma Essential Oil Diffuser) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet-High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Qualityshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureKeno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePress Large Hydraulic Cylinderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valveshowing the collected fines from this trial.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLi-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office). FigureUHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure20W Portable Mini Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metalshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture(Fig.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting). FigureChina Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder(Sequins Ladies Leather Vanity Bag,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children, Leatherst600) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hot Sale Aluminum Material Overflow Swimming Pool Grating).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.
OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.
Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
