Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator,Acetic Acid Odor). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats(Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine).

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Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Fire Protective Gloves,Hot Plate Welding Machine for Expansion Tank Welding).

Alternatively,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game–Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie). Aldenet al. (Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate) describe the temperature-New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane. Initially,CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.

Near-infrared (NIR)Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use). Morriset al. (13 Pocket File Folder Products Made in China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged) and Räsänenet al. (Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. In addition,Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair(Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (1mm Silk Printing Thermal Tempered LED LCD Display Touch Screen Glass Panel with Ar Coating) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8-Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureGermany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hoseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSt Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureAutomatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFilter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatmentshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDirect Thermal Paper Labelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Double Braided Ropeshowing the collected fines from this trial.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA),Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft,Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer). FigureAutomatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.hondeeprecision.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation(Fig.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China.

Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. Figurea-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler). FigurePolished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.

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DISCUSSION

Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw-infrared spectrometry (Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad). In addition,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.

As shown in Fig.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches(mypestkiller,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm, regardless of the sensor position.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Flat Powerful Spring).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.

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Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.

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Acknowledgments

References