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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. However,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer,Stainless Steel Cutting Tool for Making Paper). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing(SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board).
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Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine,m.cnfivestars.com).
Alternatively,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure–HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck). Aldenet al. (China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate) describe the temperature-NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. Initially,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.
Near-infrared (NIR)Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet). Morriset al. (Sintered Titanium Filters) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China) and Räsänenet al. (High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. In addition,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe(Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Stamping Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Laptop Fully Digital Ultrasound Scanner) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part-China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureGood Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureDouble Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure50W/75W/80W/100W/150W/300W/400W/450W/500W/600W/650W/700W/800W/900W/1000W/1200W/1500W Dimmable/Non-Dimmable Full Spectrum Plant Hydroponic LED Grow Lightthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person). Figure20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Buildingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure100pcs Cotton Swabsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type(Fig.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automobile Fuse. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant). FigureElectrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B).
DISCUSSION
Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape-infrared spectrometry (Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer). In addition,8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.
As shown in Fig.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve(Mich Space Theme Children Playround with Plastic House,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, regardless of the sensor position.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cold Reclaimer Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid.
Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality.
Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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