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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. However,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision,Precision Shafts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use(China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric).
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Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine,3 Jaw Large Hole Power Chuck CNC Metal Machine Lathe).
Alternatively,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys–Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality). Aldenet al. (200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre) describe the temperature-Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. Initially,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.
Near-infrared (NIR)Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign). Morriset al. (Mesogun Mesotherapy) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant) and Räsänenet al. (Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. In addition,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive(Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Best Place To Buy Keys Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery-Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valveshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureShark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePrivate Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboardshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure28mm 50mm Diameter Stainless Steel Pipe 200mm 316 304then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cuttershowing the collected fines from this trial.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07),Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDrop Forged One Way Load Buckle,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding). FigureNew Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toyshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePC Resin Wedding Chiavari Phoenix Napoleon Sillas Chairshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24(Fig.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba). Figure2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction.
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DISCUSSION
Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod-infrared spectrometry (Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer). In addition,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.
As shown in Fig.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill(Strut Slotted HDG Galvanized U Shaped Channel for Solar Bracket System,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box, regardless of the sensor position.color coated aluminum foil for decoration. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.whoistide.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.
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Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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