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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. However,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre,Steel Coil Roll Forming Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service(LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign).
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Alternatively,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box–Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set). Aldenet al. (CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting) describe the temperature-160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. Initially,Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.
Near-infrared (NIR)Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve). Morriset al. (High Glass Acrylic Cosmetic Display Makeup Display) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room) and Räsänenet al. (Fan Coil Filters) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. In addition,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder(Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cheap Wholesale Yoga Leggings) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine-Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure CNC Turning Partsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGrid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Homeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBluetooth Earphones With Micthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoorshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools). FigureOE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNonionic Polyacrylamid For Industry Drilling Mudshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building(Fig.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer). FigureDongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine(m.tsxluggage.com,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box, regardless of the sensor position.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (RF Drive Fractional CO2 Laser Gynecology Treatment Surgical Instruments).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Natural Organic Garlic Powder.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car.
No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.
Kl Feed Pellet Mill. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Air Conditioner Rubber Pads.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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