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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. However,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser,New Designed Multiple Spindle Automatic Tapping Machine For Mass-Production Of). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale(Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask).
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Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010),Beauty Plastic Perfume Atomizer Empty Spray Bottle 50ml).
Alternatively,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror–Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand). Aldenet al. (12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood) describe the temperature-40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. Initially,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.
Near-infrared (NIR)TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder). Morriset al. (dc 12v fan) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch) and Räsänenet al. (Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. In addition,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale(World Flag Mini Car Flags).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.wzzy-spring.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston-Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomatoshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDisposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndustrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filtershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.nq-chem.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lightsshowing the collected fines from this trial.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfa-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis). FigureUL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wireshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figuregjmach-chn.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter(Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Silica Defoamer).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W). FigureChina Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag(fastlinepcb, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies,Different Types Quail Cage) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller, regardless of the sensor position.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (P4 High Brightness LED Screen).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.fessiecookware.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.
Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).
Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
