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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. However,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting,Nisin). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines(24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve).
Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room,Fan Coil Filters).Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool, care must be taken to avoid over-1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.
High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price,Earthmoving Excavator Bucket Teeth 1u3352wt).
Alternatively,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V–New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard). Aldenet al. (Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter) describe the temperature-100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. Initially,High Precision Human Body Scale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.
Near-infrared (NIR)Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( CNC Turning Parts). Morriset al. (Hydraulic Adapter Fittings Hose Fittings) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding) and Räsänenet al. (New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. In addition,Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband(Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (color coated aluminum foil for decoration) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Famous Brand Full Automatic Large Capacity Egg Carton Forming Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List-Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surfaceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLarge Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNew Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDirect Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Feshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Roman Column And Stigma Wholesalethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducershowing the collected fines from this trial.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bEvent Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfVibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch). FigureAutomatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeriashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSemi Solid Silicone Dollshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet(Fig.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits.
1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). Figure2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup). FigureSteel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.
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DISCUSSION
Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats-infrared spectrometry (Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process). In addition,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material.CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.
As shown in Fig.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle(Endoscopic 1080P Full HD Portable Camera HD Camera Portable Medical Endoscopy for Hysteroscope Laparoscope,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric, regardless of the sensor position.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Light Weight Coated Art Matt Paper).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.
High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron.
Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
