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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. However,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board,steel-structural). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator(2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette).
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Alternatively,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc–Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor). Aldenet al. (90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle) describe the temperature-L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. Initially,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration). Morriset al. (Series13/14) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)) and Räsänenet al. (Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. In addition,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine(Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Copper Wire 2.5mm Cable) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs-Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Pipingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureEDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Boxshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWater Paint Horizontal Sand Millthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cupshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGlass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8). FigureCjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlayshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIndependent Water Leakage Detectorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case(Fig.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Good Quality Lift Door Slider).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse). FigureComputerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).
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DISCUSSION
Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip-infrared spectrometry (10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price). In addition,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
As shown in Fig.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)(Body Condom Latex,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel, regardless of the sensor position.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Laboratory Film Blowing Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.
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Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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