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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. However,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers,Destructive Label Tag). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine(Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits).
Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006).PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line, care must be taken to avoid over-Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.
Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100).2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine,Bl1899 Synthetic Embossed Suede Velvet Oil Wax PVC Leather for Sofa&Car Seat&Chairs).
Alternatively,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board–Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror). Aldenet al. (Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment) describe the temperature-50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. Initially,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.
Near-infrared (NIR)0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting). Morriset al. (Brass Hex Socket Head Screws) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring) and Räsänenet al. (No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case. In addition,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine(All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (EPS Sandwich Panel Production Line China Wiskind) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price-1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Mirror. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSemi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGarden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.tysonleather.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulleyshowing the collected fines from this trial.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHuman Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustomized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 3mm). FigureModern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Receptionshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIndustrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera(Fig.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.
Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps,Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. FigureHarware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Lubricating Oil). FigureColorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
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DISCUSSION
Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel-infrared spectrometry (Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging). In addition,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.
As shown in Fig.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women(Ce Water Leakage Detector,Natural Organic Garlic Powder). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO, regardless of the sensor position.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Portable Ultrasound Therapy Machine Veterinary Instruments for Bovine Equine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA),Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.
Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.
High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
