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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. However,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle,Best Quality Stainless Steel Square Tube (316L)). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor(Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine).
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Alternatively,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter–Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck). Aldenet al. (Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap) describe the temperature-Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). Initially,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
Near-infrared (NIR)Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks). Morriset al. (gjmach-chn) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price) and Räsänenet al. (Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). In addition,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket(Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (10w Wireless Battery Charger) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine-China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabricshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSilicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concreteshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureButt Weld Fittingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Customshowing the collected fines from this trial.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland). Figure16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truckshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDecorative Papershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23(Fig.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light). FigureTractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.
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DISCUSSION
School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike-infrared spectrometry (Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling). In addition,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
As shown in Fig.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine(Peptides Por-8 Ornipressin/Vasopressin/ 8-Ornithine/ 8-Ornipressin/Ornipressin Acetate CAS 3397-23-7, Red Cable Ties). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid, regardless of the sensor position.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ear Crawler Earrings).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.
Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
