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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. However,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons,Lldpe Roll Stretch Film). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart(Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale).
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175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting,14 Pin Mini Usb Connector).
Alternatively,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling–4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase). Aldenet al. ( Red Cable Ties) describe the temperature-High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. Initially,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.
Near-infrared (NIR)Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts). Morriset al. (Galvanised Welded Wire Mesh Panel Steel Grid) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw) and Räsänenet al. (500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. In addition,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup(130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Delixi Cm1 Series 3p 100 AMP 3 Phase MCCB 3 Pole MCCB Circuit Breaker) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag-Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChina Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadiumshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHoneywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hoseshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWoolen Beretthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)showing the collected fines from this trial.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFactory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale). FigureHigh Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAluminium Mold Makingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)(Fig.2).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.
Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. FigureAmerican Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale). FigureHDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
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DISCUSSION
1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel-infrared spectrometry (Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm). In addition,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).
As shown in Fig.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine(C4 Bluetooth Smart Wristband Fitness Tracker Bt Watch Smart Bracelet Fitness Tracker Watch,Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding, regardless of the sensor position.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Chicken House Cleaning For Poultry Farm).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.
Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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