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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. However,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe,High Quality Strong Power Neodymium Magnetic Motor Component Cylinder Magneto Rotor Customzied for Industrial). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine(Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck).
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Alternatively,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive–Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge). Aldenet al. (Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter) describe the temperature-Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. Initially,Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.
Near-infrared (NIR)PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights). Morriset al. (Qingdao Wood Drilling Machine for Cabinet Making) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill) and Räsänenet al. (for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. In addition,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker(UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Supply Brass Chromed Wall Mounted Shower Mixer Shower Set Part) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging-Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Rubber Dic Return Roller. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Different Types Quail Cage, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureSmall Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureChina High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureYangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000Wshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGas Leak Detector Sensor Factory & Manufacturerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4showing the collected fines from this trial.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine). Figure 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDouble Layer DIP Type Vertical Tact Switch Micro Switchshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner(Fig.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Countertop). FigureNon-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.
DISCUSSION
Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine-infrared spectrometry (Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale). In addition,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.
As shown in Fig.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine(Liquor Glass Bottle For Whisky,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter, regardless of the sensor position.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.
Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.
API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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