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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate.WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. However,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph,Hot Selling Car Bling Steering Wheel Cover). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers(12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness).
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Alternatively,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter–Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge). Aldenet al. (Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor) describe the temperature-12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. Initially,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.
Near-infrared (NIR)Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering). Morriset al. (Low Cost Two-Storey Steel Structure Construction Building) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould) and Räsänenet al. (Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. In addition,Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel(6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cosmetic Paper Box Package) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)-Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureModern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Roomshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureD-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramillshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSmart Home WiFi Video Door Phone Wireless Video Doorbell Support 2 Way Talkthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machineryshowing the collected fines from this trial.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bE Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfEasy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer). FigureDurable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Couplingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1000w Atv For Kidsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)(Fig.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats). FigureTop Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)(Metal Filter,Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum, regardless of the sensor position.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (11*16 Food Packaging Vacuum Dry Food Kraft Paper Bag).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.
Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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