Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List,Premium Fireproof Document Bag with Three Zippers Silicone Glass Fiber Won′t Cause Itching). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine(100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)).

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120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Automated Fue Extraction Devices,4 Core Fiber Optic Drop Cable).

Alternatively,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner–New Design Fireplace Wood Holder). Aldenet al. (Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser) describe the temperature-Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding. Initially,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask). Morriset al. (CAS 12738-76-0 Price of Terbium Oxide Tb4o7) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished) and Räsänenet al. (Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. In addition,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties(Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (OEM Manufacturer Dog Treats Processing Machine -) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium-Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylindershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureOEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.World Flag Mini Car Flags, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBest Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCnc Router Machine Woodworking Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deckshowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System). FigureSinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truckshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDeltaplus Safety Shoesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel(Fig.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Rubber Dic Return Roller). FigureCheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce(Carbon Graphite Bearing & Bushing for Chemical Pumps,Silica Defoamer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Steel Pipe Diameters).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom,Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.

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High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration.

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Acknowledgments

References