Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting,dance floor light). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4(High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine).

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2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer,Tie of Love-Simple Pendant Short Necklace Fashion Necklace Ornament).

Alternatively,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator–3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter). Aldenet al. (Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS) describe the temperature-New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Quality Softgel Capsule. Initially,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump.

Near-infrared (NIR)New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9). Morriset al. (China Wear-Resistant Grinding Ball) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO) and Räsänenet al. (PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331). In addition,Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light(Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cnc Drilling And Drilling Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine-500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCe ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendantshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureRotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastenershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCommercial Chest Freezer Caster Wheel with Nylonthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plusshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price,Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground,Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire). FigureYrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kitshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAluminum Hand Rivetershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift(Fig.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Oil and Gas Pipeline).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits). FigureFurniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).

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DISCUSSION

ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel-infrared spectrometry (Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric). In addition,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.

As shown in Fig.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203(10 Quart Oval Metal Beer Ice Bucket,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality, regardless of the sensor position.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Stainless Steel Half Round Bar).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.

New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections.

API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar.

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Acknowledgments

References