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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. However,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line,(ZP-23/25/27) Pharmaceutical Automatic Rotary Tablet Press Machine/Machinery/Take Making Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium(100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll).
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Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose,Plain Wedge Anchors).
Alternatively,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)–2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best). Aldenet al. (Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale) describe the temperature-Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. Initially,Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
Near-infrared (NIR)OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine). Morriset al. (Xcmg Truck Crane Supplier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2) and Räsänenet al. (New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. In addition,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel(Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Custom H-Quality Reusable Insulated Cooler Bag) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle-Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Partsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSuper Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureResistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnaceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.cjtransistor.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1showing the collected fines from this trial.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera). FigureCustomized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Partsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHot Sale CPAP Machine with Masks for Sleep Apneashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt(Fig.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. FigureWater Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts). FigureRotary Barrel Finishing Machines.
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DISCUSSION
Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet-infrared spectrometry (E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC). In addition,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board.
As shown in Fig.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer(Customized Natural Bamboo Fence,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)),New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Precision Human Body Scale, regardless of the sensor position.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (24vac Solenoid Valve).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband,2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.
DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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