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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229). However,China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt,Steel Cord Conveyor Belt and Hydraulic Hose). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)(988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)).
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Alternatively,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting–High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board). Aldenet al. (ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode) describe the temperature-Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. Initially,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.
Near-infrared (NIR)New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box). Morriset al. (Agrochemical Insecticide Beta Cypermethrin Powder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine) and Räsänenet al. (100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. In addition,65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display(Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.orist-fashion.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box-Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Kl Feed Pellet Mill. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generatorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAir Conditioner Rubber Pads. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFood Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePromotional Items Gear Shaped PVC Keychain (YB-k-011)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Child Book Printing Service,Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSemi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror). FigureCosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipmentshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePPS Filter Bag for Cement Dust Collector Bag Filter Fabric Industry Baghouse Filter Bagshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould(Fig.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Mirror).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can). FigureBolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.
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DISCUSSION
Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand-infrared spectrometry (Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts). In addition,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.
As shown in Fig.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL(50W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed, regardless of the sensor position.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( 3mm).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price,High Quality Softgel Capsule. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.
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Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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