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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. However,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce,Chinese 65W 18.36V 3bb Polycrystalline Solar Module). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm(Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires).
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Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale,Interactive Indoor LED Multi Touch Screen Coffee Table for Game/Conference/Restaurant).
Alternatively,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel–2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine). Aldenet al. (Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t) describe the temperature-WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. Initially,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.
Near-infrared (NIR)Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set). Morriset al. (Daylight Reading Lamp Factory OEM/ODM Product) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer) and Räsänenet al. (Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. In addition,Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample(Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Ce Approved Hydraulic Single Post Car Parking System) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine-CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom Screwshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureMill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Figure9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndustrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubbershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMachine to Make Wood Shavings for Poultry Beddingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header). FigureSimple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinetshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWholesale 5V 1A Enough Current Us EU Plug USB Flat Wall USB Charger with 3c Mobile Phoneshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid(Fig.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.
Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. FigureIce Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)). FigureAutomobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.
DISCUSSION
2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler). In addition,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.
As shown in Fig.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price(Full Hd Police Body Camera Factory OEM/ODM Products,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling, regardless of the sensor position.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Fridge Shredder for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.
Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.
Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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