China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine
andChina Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin ManufacturerMulti-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. However,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard,Hand Held Yt23 Pneumatic Rock Drill). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker(Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier).
Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings,Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler).Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution, care must be taken to avoid over-Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.
Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory,Book Shaped Gift Box High Quality Supplier).
Alternatively,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum–Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle). Aldenet al. (Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM) describe the temperature-100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. Initially,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.
Near-infrared (NIR)Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Softgel Capsule). Morriset al. (1 Cbd Hemp Oil Cbd Oil - Cbd Oil) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System) and Räsänenet al. (Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. In addition,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table(Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wolf-Guard Smart Intelligent Wireless Home GSM Alarm System) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile-Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.
Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter-Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.
Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFood Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulatorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureChina Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTransparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePromotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristbandshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePoultry House Controller for Exhaust Fans Automatic Poultry Equipment Temperature Sensorsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Platedshowing the collected fines from this trial.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board). FigureISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrodeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureKeyboard Membrane Switch OEM Suppliershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw(Fig.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.
Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. Figure300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating). FigureSeated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.
Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable
DISCUSSION
Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor-infrared spectrometry (Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits). In addition,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
As shown in Fig.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining(Automatic Door Motor Rolling Door Motor Roller Shutter Side Motor AC800,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office, regardless of the sensor position.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (prestigelaminatefloor).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.
Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.
Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer-Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
Acknowledgments
Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man(NSERC)4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
