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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. However,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine,m.xinhaifurniture.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine(HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting).
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94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07),20W Mini Fiber Laser Making Machine for Keychain Memory Card).
Alternatively,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking–Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material). Aldenet al. (0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil) describe the temperature-Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. Initially,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.
Near-infrared (NIR)Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price). Morriset al. (Kayak With Pedals) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. In addition,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine(Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (G550 Az150g Afp Aluminium Zinc-Alloy Hot Dipped Zincalume Steel Coil) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle-Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureContainer Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home Houseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seatshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEffortless Movement Wheels Suitcasethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Batteryshowing the collected fines from this trial.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould). FigureKIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brandshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDin127 Spring Washershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest](Fig.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)). FigureGood Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price(Transparency LED Display Screen Video Wall High Resolution High Refresh Rate,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China, regardless of the sensor position.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Stainless Steel Workblank).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.
Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.
Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
