Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine
Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J)
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. However,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub,Wooden Store Exhibition Display Wine Rack). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator(Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale).
Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch, SAA).Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal, care must be taken to avoid over-High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.
45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston,Bb คีย์บอร์ดอัลโตทรอมโบน).
Alternatively,Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant–Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter). Aldenet al. (E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice) describe the temperature-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. Initially,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector.
Near-infrared (NIR)Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate). Morriset al. (750ml Glass Liquor Bottles) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100) and Räsänenet al. (China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. In addition,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth(Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Surgical Scrub Sink in Operating Room (THR-SS030)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru-Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).
OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Womenshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAbrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHeat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heatershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCondo Cat Tree Towerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAnti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars). FigureProfessional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lightingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustom Acrylic Tissue Paper Box with Printingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width(Fig.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.
Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. FigureKampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler). FigureSheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part.
China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House
DISCUSSION
Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts-infrared spectrometry (Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment). In addition,Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.
As shown in Fig.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card(Bottle Stopper,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters, regardless of the sensor position.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Featured).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.
Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.
Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B).
Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production-Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.
Acknowledgments
8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment(NSERC)Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
